Genetic diversity in strawberry is low due to its asexual propagation. One method of increasing genetic diversity, as an important tool in plant breeding, is the use of gamma rays to induce mutation. In order to determine the appropriate dosage of gamma irradiation for genetic diversity creation by mutation in strawberry, Kurdistan cultivar, and to study the influence of various doses of gamma ray (zero (control), 15, 30, 60 and 90 gray) on different traits of strawbery, this research was conducted in Faculty of Agriculture, Yasouj University, in 2012-2013. Results showed that irradiated plants had a lower rates in comparison to the control plants for most of the studied characteristics, except for number of leaves, fruit sugar and anthocyanin. Leaf area, fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit fresh and dried weight, and fruit volume, shape, and juice decreased with an increase in the gamma irradiation dosage. Moreover, multifoliate and dwarfism were increased in the irradiated plants. The appropriate dosage of gamma irradiation for mutation induction in strawberry, Kurdistan cultivar, for threshold 50% plants mortality (LD50) treated by gamma ray, was approximately 65-70 gray. Therefore, gamma ray intensity in the recommended limit could be used for the highest genetic diversity creation with the lowest plant mortality in strawberry breeding programs such as in fruit quality improvement.

Due to the importance of Tabriz in various historical periods after the Mongol’s invasion to the end of the Qajar period, as continuously being the capital city or the residence city of the prince, entrance to this city has been reflected in various reports. Most of the foreigners who entered Iran from European countries came from Caucasus Road to Tabriz and reported many buildings on their way. Moreover, this road was one of the most significant roadways for Caravans on the Silk Road, where various residential buildings have been constructed. Alaki caravansarai is one of the most important roadside accommodations in Northwest Iran, and so many reports about it and the quality of its façade decorations can be traced in the travelogues of foreigners who traveled to Iran. Its vastitude and elegant entrance gate nevertheless, this building has unfortunately been neglected and was about to be ruined in the 19th century and afterward. However, the beauty of its entrance gate has gained the attention of many people and has been reported in many sources. Based on the ornaments used, recent sources in the history of architecture have estimated its date to the 12th century and Ilkhanid Abū Saʿīd Bahādor Khan and the Timurid period. These sources based their estimation only on the type of ornaments used on its entrance gate and its probable that the existence of dated artworks of the Ilkhanid period nearby, such as the Mihrab of Marand’s Jame Mosque, has influenced this speculation. This article aims to meticulously study this building in various travelogues, al-Wqafīyya al-Rashīdīyya, and other sources in the history of architecture and discusses the ornament types used and their history. The detailed study of the documents and sources indicated that this building could belong to the presidency period of Ḵᵛāja Rašid-al-Din Fażl-Allāh, and based on his emphasis to establish this building, can be dated 1297-1309. The ornaments, moreover, indicate the transient period from brickwork to tilework which happened in the late 13th and early 14th centuries

The aim of this study was to examine the feasibility of using an economic and practical method in order to perform non-invasive prenatal testing of thalassemia as a sing gene disorder. Sixteen (16) pregnant mothers in the 11th week of pregnancy who were referred for prenatal diagnosis of thalassemia were selected. The parents had one of IVSII-1, IVSI-5 or FR codon 8/9 mutations. Enrichment of cffDNA was performed by a modified whole genome amplification. Based on the Relative mutation dosage assay, wild and mutant alleles were compared by allele specific and Taqman allele specific real time PCR. The results obtained were compared with the results of invasive CVS. When both paternal and maternal mutations were identical IVSII-1 or FR codon 8/9, all three major thalassemic fetuses were detected by significant minus Δ Cts (Ct M-CtW) but no different Δ Cts was observed in seven cases in which fetuses were normal or carrier. In two cases with identical IVSI-5 parental mutations, the two major thalassemic fetuses could not be detected. In four cases with different paternal and maternal mutations, all three carrier fetuses were detected and in one major fetus, only paternal mutation was detected. This innovative method showed the detection of three of the five major thalassemic fetuses when the parental mutations were identical. Furthermore, paternal mutation inheritance could be determined in carrier or major thalassemic fetuses when the parental mutations were different. Further studies on fetuses in late gestational age may have more successful results.

The aim of this study was a strain-improvement program for Trichoderma reesei PTCC 5142 by using a combination of UV light and NTG (N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine) for enhanced cellulase production. Following mutagenesis after several rounds, mutant A6: 2 was selected from a total of 6500 colonies. Results obtained after 4 days were: Enzyme activity 1.26 U/ml and 0.82 U/ml for exoglucanase and endoglucanase, respectively. The comparative results showed increased production exoglucanase and endoglucanase by mutant A6: 2 than Trichoderma reesei PTCC 5142 to amount 130% for exoglucanase and 156% for endoglucanase.

Beta-thalassemia is a group of inherited blood disorders with autosomal recessive inheritance. The most effective strategy is to reduce the incidence of this genetic disease, which can be accomplished by utilizing appropriate prenatal diagnosis in clinical practice. Aggressive biopsy during the pregnancy is associated with an abortion risk of approximately 1% for the fetus. Free fetal DNA in maternal plasma is an excellent source of genetic material for prenatal molecular diagnoses. Relative haplotype dosage (RHDO), a haplotype‐ based approach, has shown promise as an application for noninvasive prenatal diagnosis. This study was conducted to investigate beta thalassemiain the fetus through maternal blood with NGS technique and RHDO analysis. Total of 5 beta-thalassemia carrier couples (minor) were genotyped by ARMS-PCR for IVSII-I G>A mutation. During the pregnancy, 10 ml of blood was collected from pregnant women, A sample of saliva was also taken from their Husbands. Samples were sent to the Genoma Center of Italy for NGS examination. Finally, results were compared with those of the invasion method. The results of NGS technique with RHDO analysis without having to analyze the affected person by haplotypic block analysis have 100% accuracy. The results with cffDNA were confirmed by invasive methods according to the national protocol for beta-thalassemia. A total of 5 fetal samples belong to above couples were genotyped for IVSII-I G>A mutation, in which 1 fetus were affected, 2 fetus were normal and 2 fetus were carrier of beta-thalassemia. Sensitivity and specificity of NGS test were equal to 100% and 100% respectively. Also, positive and negative predictive values were obtained as 100% and 100%, respectively. Targeted sequencing of maternal plasma DNA for NIPD of beta-thalassemia and using SHAPEIT software for RHDO analysis is feasible, proved that it is applicable to construct parental haplotypes without information from other family members.

Investigation of mutagen damages, control of treatment conditions, selection of desirable dosages and estimation of mutation frequency are the main requirements in a mutation breeding program. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of various ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) dosages including 0.0, 0.2, 04, 0.6, 0.8, 1 and 1.2 percents for 12 hrs on germination response and seedling vigor under laboratory, greenhouse and field conditions. One, two and four open-pollinated populations of sainfoin were used in the laboratory, greenhouse and field, respectively. The increase of EMS dosages decreased germination, rootlet and shootlet lengths and emergence. Unpeeled seed .compared with peeled seed decreased damages, but pretreatment did not significantly affect seedling characters. EMS dosage x seed coat was highly significant. The results showed that LD50 was 0.8 in peeled seed and 0.6 in unpeeled seed treated with EMS for 12 hrs. The results also revealed that percentage of plant survival and pollen fertility decreased significantly with increasing dosage in all populations. "Khansar" and "Shahrekord" populations were sensitive to the EMS as compared with "Orumieh" and "Karaj2" populations. EMS treatment caused considerable variation in plant height, number of stems in plant and number of inflorescence, but crude protein, crude fiber and single plant yield were not affected. Morphological variation and deviations from the control population were observed in plants of M1 and M2 generation.

Identifying the constraining factors of production and yield gap is very important. Therefore; this research was performed to identify the production constraining factors of local rice cultivars. All management practices from nursery preparation to harvesting stages for 100 paddy fields of local rice cultivars were recorded through field studies, in Sari, from 2015-2016. In the CPA, the actual and calculated potential yield were 4495 and 5703 kg/ha, respectively and the gap was 1221 kg/ha. The yield gap caused by number of top-dressing variables was 324 kg/ha, equal to 27% of the total yield gap. The yield gap related to previous year of legumes cultivation was 218 kg ha-1, equal to 18% of the total yield variation. Among the 10 variables entered in the CPA model, the effects of top-dress fertilizer application and its application frequency and foliar application were remarkable, which could compensate a significant part of the yield gap (444 kg/ha, 37% of total) in the farmers’ fields by managing these variables. According to boundary line analysis (BLA) finding, actual yield mean on the basis of optimal limit related to 12 variables under study was 5369 kg/ha, with 881 kg/ha yield gap . Mean Relative yield and Relative yield gap for 12 variables (transplanting date, seedling age, number of seedlings per hill, planting density, nitrogen and phosphorous per hectare, nitrogen before transplanting, harvesting date, lodging problem, pest problem, diseases problem and weeds problem) were 83.64 and 16.35 kg/ha, respectively. Based on the finding, it can be stated that the model precision is appropriate and can be applied for both estimation of the quantity of yield gap and determining the portion of each restricting yield variables.

Congenital hearing loss with many genetic and environmental causes affects 1 in 1000 newborns. mutations in the GJB2 (Gap Junction Beta-2) gene encoding the gap junction protein connexin 26 have been established as the main cause of autosomal recessive non-syndromic hearing loss. The aim of this study was to study the frequency of one mutation (35delG) of GJB2 gene in Kerman non-syndromic deaf population. For this purpose, 130 chromosomes from 65 patients were studied and 35delG mutation was diagnosed in 3(2.3%) chromosomes (one patient was homozygote and the other one was heterozygote). ‏‏‏This rate of frequency is significantly higher comparing to that in the whole population of Iran.